Constitution of Indonesia

The 1945 Constitution of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, known as the UUD 1945, was drafted between June and August 1945 during the final months of Japanese occupation and ratified on 18 August 1945, the day after Indonesia declared independence. It established the Pancasila as the state's foundational principles and a presidential system with limited separation of powers; superseded by the Federal Constitution of 1949 and the Provisional Constitution of 1950, it was restored by President Sukarno's 1959 decree, and four rounds of post-Suharto amendments between 1999 and 2002 expanded it from 37 to 73 articles, limiting presidents to two terms, introducing direct presidential elections, creating a Constitutional Court and adding human rights protections.