A person who took or holds a country's top political authority outside the country's ordinary constitutional or party process: through a military coup, through prolonged personalist rule enforced by the military or security apparatus rather than a functioning succession process, or as a claimant within an unresolved, rival or explicitly transitional arrangement. Belongs here: a coup leader or military strongman such as Augusto Pinochet, Suharto, Park Chung-hee, Chiang Kai-shek and Joseph Stalin, and Myanmar's Min Aung Hlaing, whose 2021 coup this atlas's own government tree already files under Military and Transitional Governments despite his administration's name. Juan Peron and Getulio Vargas are filed here as a disclosed contested call: both reached office at least partly through ordinary election but built personalist, opposition suppressing regimes, Peronism and Brazil's Estado Novo, widely treated in comparative politics as authoritarian populism rather than ordinary democratic government, and are filed here on that basis rather than under Heads of State and Government; Antonio de Oliveira Salazar's Estado Novo in Portugal is filed here on the same reasoning. Every figure in Sudan's and Yemen's unresolved transitional and rival governments this wave's predecessor named is filed here too: Sudan's Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Kamil Idris, and Yemen's Rashad al-Alimi, Ali al-Zaidi, Shaya al-Zindani and Sifi Ghrieb. Nizar Amidi is filed here as a disclosed, lower confidence placement, grouped with this bucket's Sudan and Yemen cluster by pattern rather than independently reconfirmed research; a successor should confirm and correct if warranted. Does not belong here: a leader who reached the same kind of dominant personal authority through an independence or revolutionary movement rather than a standing military's coup, filed under Revolutionary and Independence Leaders, and a religious or juristic successor leader, filed under Theocratic and Religious-Political Leaders instead.