The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, commonly the Iran nuclear deal, was finalized in Vienna on 14 July 2015 between Iran and the P5+1 group, the five permanent United Nations Security Council members plus Germany, together with the European Union, adopted on 18 October 2015 and implemented on 16 January 2016. It required Iran to cut its low-enriched uranium stockpile by 97 percent and cap enrichment at 3.67 percent under intrusive IAEA monitoring, extending its estimated breakout time to roughly a year, in exchange for relief from nuclear-related sanctions; the United States withdrew in 2018 under President Donald Trump, and Iran terminated the deal on 18 October 2025 following the Twelve-Day War.
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