Julius Caesar (12 or 13 July 100 BC - 15 March 44 BC) rose through the Roman political and military hierarchy, serving as praetor in 62 BC, consul in 59 BC, and proconsul of Gaul and Illyricum from 58 to 49 BC, during which he led Roman forces through the Gallic Wars to complete major conquests by 51 BC. In early January 49 BC he defied the Roman Senate by crossing the Rubicon and marching on Rome at the head of his army, beginning a civil war against his rival Pompey; after his victory he was made dictator, serving in that role from 49 to 44 BC and as consul again in 48 and from 46 to 44 BC, and in 44 BC was proclaimed dictator in perpetuity. Fearful of his domination of the state and the possibility that he might make himself king, a group of senators led by Brutus and Cassius assassinated him on the Ides of March, 44 BC.
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